1
2
  -2024
..  

(:   )
 : 3  : 75
:               
-
1.         
2.    ?   
-
3.          
4.            
-
5.       
6.          ?
2
2
-
7.       
8.    SD  :
 
80-84 2
75-79 4
70-74 4
65-69 8
60-64 10
55-59 6
50-54 6
45-49 5
40-44 3
=48
3
2
  -2024
..  

(:   )
 : 3  : 75
:               
-
1.         
:     :   
         ( ,   )  
   ,               
               
  ,       ,          
? ,   -     ,       ?  
       ,       -    
  
          ,        
   ,       
  
               
        -       ,  , ,
,    
""      19          
       -         
4
2
   
1.   -          
o        
2.   (    , )        
 
o               
 
3.   -              ,
       
  :   
              (JND)  
            ,     
      
     
:
ΔI =    
I =   
k =         
                  , 
     
    
1.  
o   1     ,  0.1      

o    10     ,  0.1      
    ,  1        
o                

5
2
2.  
o                  
o ,    ,         
       
o              
3.  
o                 ,  
     
o ,       ,         
,            
4.  
o                  

o ,            ,     

                  
   
    
1.    
o                ,
,          
2.    
o :               
   ,        ,    
         
o   :        
              
o             
          
3.     
o     (     )     
6
2
o   (k)   (, , , )    

                  
                 
                  ,
                   
 
   , ,            
         -      
2.    ?   
:     
       -     ,  ,  
                 , 
                 
           ,     
         
   ?
            50%      
 ,            
  :
                
               
                   
             , ,    
           ,    
           ,          
      
7
2
         
        ,      ,     
           ,       
 ,         ,          ,
      
    ?
1.  :           
           
2.                
        
3.       ,       
        ,        
  ,               
     ,           ,   
           ,      
  :       
               ,   
                    
  
          (   )    -
                
     ?
  ,        :
1.  :    ()      -     
         
2.               -  
          
   
1.    (   )        ,  
   
8
2
2.    -               
        
3. ,         ,        
4.   -               
   
5.       ,          
  
   
                 
:
1:            
 :  -             , "  
  "           
 3:,         -      
     , "     "      
    
 4:            
         ,      
    
     

1.     :              
      
2.     :          
      
3.       :         
      

1.  :               
      ,    
9
2
2.  :         ,      
 ,       
3.   :               ,  
   ,         

             50%     
, ,         -     
      ,        
      -             
                  
         ,    ,   
    
         ,        
 ,                
         ,         
  -       
-
3.          
::     
  
 , ,             
 , , -       ,   
   ,            
    
     -      
  :
  (        )   
 ,           
     "   ,       
     "     
10
2
                  
 
       ;  ,    
           ,       
                  ,  
-    
  
   1963          
        ,     :
1.   ()
2.   ()
1.   ()
      ,            
                
 
    :
  ,       
    ,        
              
                
 
   :
            
      
         
              
     IQ         - ,  
    
11
2
2.   ()
          ,        
                 
    :
      
               
  ,          
         
   :
            
       
       
             
         ,         
 ,           ;  ,      
       

  ()
  ()

     
    .
   
     .

       
     
 
         
   
     

      
        
   
  .
12
2
   
                 -
                  
( ),       ( )   
   :              
 , -       ,     
   
              
(,  , )        ,  
        (, , )    
  
  :         ,     
            

        ,          
       :  (      )  
 (    )     , -     
      ,     ,    
      
  ,    -    ,         
         ,       
     ,             
4.            
::               : 
( )   ()         , -
                  
,           ,      ,
    -     
:  
 -               
               ,    , 
13
2
             -    
              
     
1.  :              
  ,    - -       
             ,  
  100%    ,  IQ          , 
    50%            
      
2.              , 
        ,      , 
     (        
 )            ,   -
     
3.  :  ,           
    ,         ,  -
    ,              
  
        ,        
     ,             
    ,            
,                  ,   
       
:   
                ,  
, ,             
      
      
1.    :          
             
        ,         , 
     ,         ,   
    
14
2
2.           ,   
    ,         , 
       IQ      ,     
                
3.     :          
  ,   -    
           ,    
      
4.     : ,       
      ,         
              
               
5.   :      -  ,  
  -       ,    
      
  
         ,     
         ,        , 
           ,   
              
      
   -   ;          
       -   -   
       
1. - :            
            ,   
                
   ,            ,  
     
2. -  :              ,
     ,         
             , 
              
15
2
  
                  
,   ,      ,      
                , 
                
       
    
                  
        
 ,        
       
   :              
                
 IQ           
               
                 
   ,      
,               
                    

 
         , -     

1. :                 
            - 
  ,             
2. -               
      ,        
  
3.  :        ,  ,
               , 
               
    
16
2

 ,             
            ,     
                   ,
               
,                 
,       
-
5.       
:    :     
              
           ,      
            ,  
          
                
   ,       ,      
   ,    ,        :
1.  (  )
2.  (   )
3.  (  )
           
1. :      
                  
,  ,                
    ,              
  :
                 , 
                  
   -    
17
2
                 ,     

2. :         
-    ,              
          ,       
                
  ( )   (  )          
              
  :
               , "  
  ,                 "
         ,      
  
       -           
  
3. :      
        ,        
            -,        
   
    :
 (        )
 (              )
  :
     ,    , "         
      "
         -         
           
,         ?
               -,  - 
         
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2
,        :
         ,       
  
  : "  !    ,      "
  : "        "
  : "   ,         ?"
 ,       -     
      
                 
              ,     
     
    :
1.   (0-1 ):        
2.   (1-3 ):         
3.   (3-6 ):      
4.   (6-12 ):     ,      
 
5.   (12+ ):     
               ,    
     
  :
                
               
( " "    )
    
     ,          :
1.       :       
     
2.    :       
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2
3.         ,      
 
   ,             
,             

           ,    
         :
 (  )
 (   )
 (   )
       ,  ,       
       ,          ,  
             ,   
    ,            , 
        
6.          ?
::     
         ,      
          ,        
       ,   ,       
       ,         
               ,   
,       ""        
            
   
     ,             
             
20
2
1.   
      1921          
 10    ,    ,        
            
     :
      ,          
 
   ,         
   
:
                  
 ,           ,  
   ,            
2.   ()
       TAT  -       
                ,   :
   ?
       ?
  ?
         ?
     :
       ,    ,      
               
:
        
 
   ,     :
"   ,           " (   
          )
"          " (    
     )
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2
3.   
                   
  ,       
:
"     _______."
"     _______."
"     _______."
     :
          ,       
  ,           
4. -- ()
  ,             ,     
           
     :
  ,  ,      ,     
   
        ,        ,  
          
:
                   ,
                     
5.  
  ,     ,           

     :
    ,          
      ,          
22
2
:
: "" → : "  " (    )
: "" → : "" (-         
)
6.   (  )
                  
         
     :
             
           ,    
  
:
       ,      
               ,
     
   
             
         ,         
 
                  

   
       - -     
-      
               
         

             ,  
        , ,        
           ,       
  
23
2
                -
     ,  ,        , 
              
-
7.       
:       

        ,             
                  
                 
              ,      
   ,   
  ,           A ,  80, 82, 81  83
 B ,  60, 90, 75  85        ()   , 
 B            B    
    ,        ,     
                    
    :
1. 
2.  ()
3. 
4.  
        -           
    
1.

                

24
2
:
:
           45, 50, 55, 60  90  
  = 90
  = 45
= 90 - 45 = 45
           45    
 
  :         
     :          ,
         
              ,  
    
2.  ()

 (IQR)          50%     
()                 
IQR    :
1.       
2.  ( )  .
3.   (Q1)    (Q3)  
o Q1 ( ):        
o Q3 ( ):        
4. IQR   :IQR=Q3−Q1\text{IQR} = Q3 - Q1IQR=Q3−Q1
25
2
:
   :20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100
Q1 = 30 (    : 20, 30, 50)
Q3 = 80 (   : 70, 80, 100)
 = 80 - 30 = 50
  
     :  , IQR      
    :        ,   IQR   
   
   :  , IQR       
  
3. 

          ()        
                 ,   
          
:
:
X =   
𝑥=   
N =   
:
 2, 4, 6, 8, 10   
1.   :
26
2
2.      :
o (2 - 6)² = 16
o (4 - 6)² = 4
o (6 - 6)² = 0
o (8 - 6)² = 4
o (10 - 6)² = 16
3.   :
  
   :         
   :        
  :      .
4.  

  ()               
           
:
 (      ):
    8  ,
   
                
   :             
   
27
2
   :     ,     
        

                  
    
       
 (IQR)       
      ,     
                 
     ,          ,  
   ,             
8.    SD  :
 
80-84 2
75-79 4
70-74 4
65-69 8
60-64 10
55-59 6
50-54 6
45-49 5
40-44 3
=48
:   ()       
28
2

  ()             ()    
                    

             
  
          :
  ()
 (f)
80 - 84
2
75 - 79
4
70 - 74
4
65 - 69
8
60 - 64
10
55 - 59
6
50 - 54
6
45 - 49
5
40 - 44
3
  : = 48
1:      
    (X)       :
     ,     :
  ()
 (f)

(X)
80 - 84
2
82
75 - 79
4
77
70 - 74
4
72
65 - 69
8
67
29
2
60 - 64
10
62
55 - 59
6
57
50 - 54
6
52
45 - 49
5
47
40 - 44
3
42
 : (X
)  
   :
 :
,    :
 3: (X - X
)      
      (X - X
)         
 
80 - 84
20.94
438.43
75 - 79
15.94
254.10
70 - 74
10.94
119.73
65 - 69
5.94
35.29
60 - 64
0.94
0.88
55 - 59
-4.06
16.48
50 - 54
-9.06
82.08
45 - 49
-14.06
197.68
40 - 44
-19.06
363.31
 4:      
,       (f)      :
 5:    
  ()   :
30
2
 :

      10.54     ,      10.54
   
    
                   
 ,      ,         
 ,     ,         , 10.54  
          
 
                 
   ,               , 
,          
:             ( )       
       ,              